{"id":30835,"date":"2018-06-09T11:39:00","date_gmt":"2018-06-09T09:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/almadar.be\/?p=30835"},"modified":"2018-06-09T11:39:00","modified_gmt":"2018-06-09T09:39:00","slug":"%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d9%88%d9%85%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/?p=30835","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class='booster-block booster-read-block'>\n                <div class=\"twp-read-time\">\n                \t<i 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(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629)<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn2\"><\/a>([2]) \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 (\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f \u201cEUROMED\u201d. \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1995 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629. (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629)<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn3\"><\/a>([3]) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Santiso, \u00ab\u00a0Promoting Democracy by Conditioning Aid\u00a0? Towards a More Effective EU Development Assistance\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>International Politik und Gesellschaft Online<\/em>, n\u00b0\u00a03, 2000 (http\u00a0: \/\/festportail.fe.de). Voir aussi, S.\u00a0Carapico, \u00ab\u00a0Foreign Aid for Promoting Democracy in the Arab World\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Middle East Journal<\/em>, vol.\u00a056, n\u00b0\u00a03, 2002.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn4\"><\/a>([4]) \u00a0\u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>Voir, par exemple, la d\u00e9finition de J. A. Cheibub et A. Przeworski, \u00ab Democracy, Elections and Accountability for Economic Outcomes \u00bb, in A. Przeworski, S. C. Stokes et B. Manin, Democracy, Accountability and Representation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 222-223.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn5\"><\/a>([5]) Voir par exemple B.\u00a0Dillman, \u00ab\u00a0Facing the Market in North Africa\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>The Middle East Journal<\/em>, vol.\u00a055, n\u00b0\u00a02, 2001, pp.\u00a0165-181\u00a0; B.\u00a0Dillman, \u00ab\u00a0International Markets and Partial Economic Reform in North Africa\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>in<\/em>\u00a0R.\u00a0Gillepsie et R.\u00a0Young (dir.),\u00a0<em>The European Union and Democracy Promotion\u00a0: the Case of North Africa<\/em>, Londres, Frank Cass, 2002, pp.\u00a0234-249.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn6\"><\/a>([6]) Voir par exemple, B.\u00a0Hibou, \u00ab\u00a0Les marges de man\u0153uvre d\u2019un \u201cbon \u00e9l\u00e8ve\u201d \u00e9conomique\u00a0: la Tunisie de Ben Ali\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Les \u00c9tudes du C\u00c9RI<\/em>, n\u00b0\u00a060, 1999.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn7\"><\/a>([7]) \u00a0Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (1773-1859): \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649. (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629)<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn8\"><\/a>([8]) Cela explique, par exemple, la mise en cause des \u00ab\u00a0<em>Middle Eastern studies<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb qui auraient failli \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre ce mal. Voir, par exemple, M.\u00a0Kramer,\u00a0<em>Ivory Towers on Sand. The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America<\/em>, Washington, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001 et la critique bienvenue de ce point de vue\u00a0: S.\u00a0Heydemann, \u00ab\u00a0Defending the Discipline\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Journal of Democracy<\/em>, vol.\u00a013, n\u00b0\u00a03, 2002.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn9\"><\/a>([9]) R.\u00a0Balme et B.\u00a0Cautres, \u00ab\u00a0La rationalit\u00e9 et les fondements sociologiques de la d\u00e9mocratie\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>L\u2019Ann\u00e9e sociologique<\/em>, vol.\u00a047, n\u00b0\u00a02, 1997.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn10\"><\/a>([10]) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>voir T.\u00a0Carothers, \u00ab\u00a0Is Gradualism Possible\u00a0? Choosing a Strategy for Promoting Democracy in the Middle East\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Working Papers<\/em>, New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003 (<em>Middle East Series<\/em>, n\u00b0\u00a039).<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn11\"><\/a>([11])\u00a0\u00a0A. de Tocqueville,\u00a0<em>De la d\u00e9mocratie en Am\u00e9rique<\/em>, II, II, VII.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn12\"><\/a>([12]) Voir J.-N.\u00a0Ferri\u00e9, \u00ab\u00a0Les limites d\u2019une d\u00e9mocratisation par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile en Afrique du Nord\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Maghreb-Machrek<\/em>, n\u00b0\u00a0175, 2003.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn13\"><\/a>([13])\u00a0Voir S.\u00a0Carapico, \u00ab\u00a0Foreign Aid for Promoting Democracy in the Arab World\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Middle East Journal<\/em>, vol.\u00a056, n\u00b0\u00a03, 2002 et R.\u00a0Youngs, \u00ab\u00a0The European Union and Democracy in the Arab-Muslim World\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>CEPS Middle East et Euro-Med Project<\/em>, Working paper n\u00b0\u00a02, Bruxelles, Centre for European Policy Studies, 2002.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn14\"><\/a>([14]) Voir D.\u00a0Brumberg, \u00ab\u00a0Liberalization versus Democracy: Understanding Arab Political Reform\u00a0\u00bb, Working Papers, New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003 (Middle East Series, n\u00b0\u00a037).<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn15\"><\/a>([15]) Voir D.\u00a0Brumberg, \u00ab\u00a0Democratization in the Arab World\u00a0? The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Journal of Democracy<\/em>, vol.\u00a013, n\u00b0\u00a04, 2002.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn16\"><\/a>([16]) Comme le souligne M.\u00a0Camau, \u00ab\u00a0Remarques sur la consolidation autoritaires et ses limites\u00a0\u00bb, in A.\u00a0Boutaleb, J.-N.\u00a0Ferri\u00e9 et B.\u00a0Rey (coord.),\u00a0<em>L\u2019Autoritarisme dans le monde arabe. Autour de Michel Camau et Luis Martinez<\/em>, C\u00e9d\u00e9j, Le Caire (coll. \u00ab\u00a0D\u00e9bats\u00a0\u00bb), 2005.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn17\"><\/a>([17]) Voir G.\u00a0Di Palma,\u00a0<em>To Craft Democraties<\/em>, Berkeley University of California Press, 1990, cit\u00e9 et critiqu\u00e9 par M.\u00a0Dobry, \u00ab\u00a0Les voies incertaines de la transitologie. Choix strat\u00e9giques, s\u00e9quences historiques, bifurcations et processus de\u00a0<em>path dependence<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Revue fran\u00e7aise de science politique<\/em>, vol.\u00a050, n\u00b0\u00a04-5, 2000, pp.\u00a0606 sqq.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn18\"><\/a>([18])\u00a0\u00a0<em>Ibid<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn19\"><\/a>([19]) Voir S.\u00a0M.\u00a0Lipset, \u00ab\u00a0Some Social Requisistes of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>The American Political Science Review<\/em>, vol.\u00a053, n\u00b0\u00a01, 1959.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn20\"><\/a>([20]) Voir V.\u00a0Bunce, \u00ab\u00a0Quand le lieu compte. Sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s des pass\u00e9s autoritaires et r\u00e9formes \u00e9conomiques dans les transitions \u00e0 la d\u00e9mocratie\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Revue fran\u00e7aise de science politique<\/em>, vol.\u00a050, n\u00b0\u00a04-5, 2000 et \u00ab\u00a0Rethinking Recent Democratisation. Lesson from the Postcommunist Experience\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>World Politics<\/em>, vol.\u00a055, janvier 2003.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn21\"><\/a>([21]) Comme le remarque Ph.\u00a0Schmitter, \u00ab\u00a0Se d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique du Nord, \u201ctransitologues\u201d et \u201cconsolidologues\u201d sont-ils toujours assur\u00e9s de voyager en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Annuaire de l\u2019Afrique du Nord 1999<\/em>, Paris, CNRS \u00c9ditions, 2002, p.\u00a017.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn22\"><\/a>([22])\u00a0Voir J.\u00a0Colomer, \u00ab\u00a0Transition by Agreement: Modeling the Spanish Way\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>American Political Science Review<\/em>, vol.\u00a085, n\u00b0\u00a04 et\u00a0<em>Game Theory and Transition to Democracy: the Spanish Model<\/em>, Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1995.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn23\"><\/a>([23]) Voir M.\u00a0Dobry, \u00ab\u00a0Les causalit\u00e9s de l\u2019improbable et du probable\u00a0: notes \u00e0 propos des manifestations de 1989 en Europe centrale et orientale\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Cultures et Conflits<\/em>, n\u00b0\u00a017, 1995\u00a0; T.\u00a0Kuran, \u00ab\u00a0The East European Revolution of 1989\u00a0: Is it surprising that we were surprised\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0<em>American Economic Review<\/em>, vol.\u00a081, n\u00b0\u00a02, 1991 et \u00ab\u00a0Now Out of Never: The Element of Surpise in the East European Revolution of 1989\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>World Politics<\/em>, vol.\u00a044, n\u00b0\u00a01, 1991.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn24\"><\/a>([24]) Voir M.\u00a0Dobry, \u00ab\u00a0Les voies incertaines de la transitologie\u2026\u00a0\u00bb, art.\u00a0cit., p.\u00a0609.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn25\"><\/a>([25]) C\u2019est l\u2019analyse de T.\u00a0Kuran, \u00ab\u00a0The East European Revolution of 1989\u2026\u00a0\u00bb, art.\u00a0cit. Ce m\u00e9canisme est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 dans T.\u00a0Kuran,\u00a0<em>Private Truths, Public Lies. The Social Consequences of Preferences Falsification<\/em>, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1995.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn26\"><\/a>([26]) Voir J.\u00a0MacCarthy et M.\u00a0Zald, \u00ab\u00a0Ressource Mobilization and Social Movments: a Partial Theory\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>American Journal of Sociology<\/em>, vol.\u00a082, n\u00b0\u00a06, 1977.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn27\"><\/a>([27]) Sur cette distinction, voir aussi J.\u00a0M.\u00a0Colomer, \u00ab\u00a0Appendix A: Structural\u00a0<em>versus<\/em>Strategic Approaches to Political Change\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>in<\/em>\u00a0J.\u00a0M.\u00a0Colomer,\u00a0<em>Strategic Transitions. Game Theory and Democratization<\/em>, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn28\"><\/a>([28]) Voir M.\u00a0Dobry,\u00a0<em>Sociologie des crises politiques<\/em>, Paris, Presses de Sciences-Po, 1992.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn29\"><\/a>([29]) Voir J.\u00a0M.\u00a0Colomer, Strategic Transitions\u2026 op.\u00a0cit., pp.\u00a04-5, et B.\u00a0Bueno de Mesquito, J.\u00a0D.\u00a0Morrow, R.\u00a0M.\u00a0Siverson et A.\u00a0Smith, \u00ab\u00a0Policy Failure and Political Survival: The Contribution of Political Instituion\u00a0\u00bb, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol.\u00a043, n\u00b0\u00a02, 1999.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn30\"><\/a>([30]) \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn31\"><\/a>([31]) \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>Voir J.-N. Ferri\u00e9, \u00ab Les limites d\u2019une d\u00e9mocratisation\u2026 \u00bb, art. cit.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn32\"><\/a>([32]) Voir J.\u00a0M.\u00a0Colomer,\u00a0<em>Strategic Transitions<\/em>\u2026, op.\u00a0cit.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn33\"><\/a>([33]) Voir, par exemple, l\u2019analyse de S.\u00a0Lohman, \u00ab\u00a0The Dynamics of Informational Cascades: the Monday Desmonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany 1989-91\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>World Politics<\/em>, vol.\u00a047, n\u00b0\u00a01, 1994.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn34\"><\/a>([34]) Dans l\u2019acception de H.\u00a0A.\u00a0Simon,\u00a0<em>Models of Bounded Rationality<\/em>, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press, 1982\u00a0; voir aussi J.\u00a0Elster,\u00a0<em>Le Laboureur et ses enfants. Deux essais sur les limites de la rationalit\u00e9<\/em>, Paris, \u00c9ditions de Minuit, 1987.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn35\"><\/a>([35]) Voir J.\u00a0M.\u00a0Colomer,\u00a0<em>Strategic Transitions<\/em>\u2026, op.\u00a0cit. p.\u00a05.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn36\"><\/a>([36]) Voir T.\u00a0Carothers et M.\u00a0Ottaway,\u00a0<em>Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East<\/em>, New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005, pp.\u00a04 sqq.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn37\"><\/a>([37]) \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>Voir N.\u00a0Bernard-Maugiron et J.-N.\u00a0Ferri\u00e9 (dir.),\u00a0<em>Architectures constitutionnelles et d\u00e9mocratisation dans le Monde arabe<\/em>, \u00c9gypte-Monde arabe, 3e\u00a0s\u00e9rie, n\u00b0\u00a02.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn38\"><\/a>([38]) \u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 (\u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642) \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn39\"><\/a>([39])\u00a0Suivant l\u2019expression de S.\u00a0Tarrow, D<em>emocracy and Disorder\u00a0: Protest and Politics in Italy 1965-1975<\/em>, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn40\"><\/a>([40]) Voir J.\u00a0M.\u00a0Colomer,\u00a0<em>Strategic Transitions\u2026<\/em>,\u00a0<em>op.\u00a0cit.<\/em>, ch.\u00a02 (notamment figure\u00a02.2).<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn41\"><\/a>([41]) \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>Voir M.\u00a0Dobry, \u00ab\u00a0Les voies incertaines de la transitologie\u2026\u00a0\u00bb, art.\u00a0cit., pp.\u00a0592-593 et M.\u00a0Camau, \u00ab\u00a0La transitologie \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve du Moyen-Orient et de l\u2019Afrique du Nord\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Annuaire de l\u2019Afrique du Nord 1999<\/em>, Paris, CNRS \u00c9ditions, 2002.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn42\"><\/a>([42]) Voir, par exemple, \u00ab\u00a0What Strategy for the Greater Middle East\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>ESF Working Paper<\/em>, n\u00b0\u00a015, Bruxelles-Londres Centre for European Policy Studies-The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2003.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn43\"><\/a>([43]) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631: \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 1559. \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0636\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637.\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: (\u00ab\u00a0Un<\/p>\n<p>printemps arabe\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>La revue d\u2019\u00c9gypte<\/em>, n\u00b0\u00a016, 2005).<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn44\"><\/a>([44]) Voir J.\u00a0Elster,\u00a0<em>Le Laboureur et ses enfants<\/em>\u2026\u00a0<em>op.\u00a0cit.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn45\"><\/a>([45]) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>voir J.\u00a0DeNardo,\u00a0<em>Power in Numbers<\/em>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1985.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn46\"><\/a>([46]) \u0637\u064f\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0631\u064e\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:<\/p>\n<p>J.-N.\u00a0Ferri\u00e9, \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019\u00c9gypte\u00a0: des r\u00e9formes n\u00e9cessaires et p\u00e9rilleuses\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Questions internationales<\/em>, n\u00b0\u00a015 (\u00e0 para\u00eetre).<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn47\"><\/a>([47]) \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>voir J.-N.\u00a0Ferri\u00e9, \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019\u00c9gypte\u00a0: des r\u00e9formes n\u00e9cessaires\u2026\u00a0\u00bb, art.\u00a0cit.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn48\"><\/a>([48]) \u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u201c\u00ab cascade informationnelle \u00bb\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u201c\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 A \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 B \u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 C \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 A \u0648 B. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Lohman, \u00ab\u00a0The Dynamics of Informational Cascades\u2026\u00a0\u00bb, art.\u00a0cit. Voir \u00e9galement S.\u00a0Bikhchandani, D.\u00a0Hirshleifer, I.\u00a0Welch, \u00ab\u00a0Learning from the Behavior of Others: Conformity, Fads, and Informational Cascades\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>Journal of Economic Perspectives<\/em>, vol.\u00a012, n\u00b0\u00a03, 1998.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn49\"><\/a>([49]) \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0635\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n<p>voir S.\u00a0Lohmann, \u00ab\u00a0The Dynamics of Informational Casacades\u2026\u00a0\u00bb, art.\u00a0cit., pp.\u00a049\u00a0<em>sqq<\/em>. ainsi que S.\u00a0Lohmann, \u00ab\u00a0A Signaling Model of Informative and Manipulative Political Action\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>American Political Science Review<\/em>, vol.\u00a083, n\u00b0\u00a02, 1993. Sur la question de la masse critique, voir J.\u00a0DeNardo,\u00a0<em>The Power of Numbers<\/em>,\u00a0<em>op.\u00a0cit.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn50\"><\/a>([50]) Voir B.\u00a0Rey, \u00ab\u00a0Entre nouvelles formes de mobilisations et gestion \u00e9tatique. L\u2019opposition \u00e9gyptienne en 2004\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0<em>in<\/em>\u00a0F.\u00a0Kohstall (coord.),\u00a0<em>L\u2019\u00c9gypte dans l\u2019ann\u00e9e. Chronique politique 2004<\/em>, Le Caire, C\u00e9d\u00e9j, 2005.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn51\"><\/a>([51])Voir C.\u00a0Hassabo, \u00ab\u00a0Gamal Moubarak au centre du pouvoir\u00a0: une succession achev\u00e9e\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb, dans F.\u00a0Kohstall, (coord.),\u00a0<em>L\u2019\u00c9gypte dans l\u2019ann\u00e9e\u2026 op.\u00a0cit.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_ftn52\"><\/a>([52])\u00a0V.\u00a0Bunce, \u00ab\u00a0Quand le lieu compte\u2026\u00a0\u00bb, art.\u00a0cit.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n        <div class=\"booster-block booster-reactions-block\">\n            <div class=\"twp-reactions-icons\">\n                \n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-1\" post-id=\"30835\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/happy.svg\" alt=\"Happy\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">\n                        Happy                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                        \n                                                <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-2\" post-id=\"30835\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/sad.svg\" alt=\"Sad\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">\n                        Sad                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                                                                        <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-3\" post-id=\"30835\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/excited.svg\" alt=\"Excited\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">\n                        Excited                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                                                                        <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-6\" post-id=\"30835\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/sleepy.svg\" alt=\"Sleepy\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">\n                        Sleepy                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                        \n                                                <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-4\" post-id=\"30835\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/angry.svg\" alt=\"Angry\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">Angry<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                                                                        <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-5\" post-id=\"30835\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/surprise.svg\" alt=\"Surprise\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">Surprise<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                                                                        <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n    ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062e\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 &#8230;_ \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0630 11 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/ \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2001\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 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