{"id":63214,"date":"2019-03-24T14:54:05","date_gmt":"2019-03-24T13:54:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/almadar.be\/?p=63214"},"modified":"2019-03-24T14:54:16","modified_gmt":"2019-03-24T13:54:16","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%82%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/?p=63214","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 1962 \u2013 2016(*)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n \t<\/i> Read Time:<\/span>27 Minute, 24 Second <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n

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\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645\n\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0627\u064b\n(Institutionalized Corruption) \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\n\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b\n(Systemic Corruption) \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c\n\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644: \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 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\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u0651\u064a\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f: \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\n\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u062f\n\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\n\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\n\u062a\u062b\u0628\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u200f[10]<\/a>. \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\n\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0647\u0645\n\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\n\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646\n\u064a\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Authoritarian Regime)\u200f[11]<\/a>. \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\n\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u200f[12]<\/a>\u060c\n\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064f\u0646\u0648\u0651 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0634\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647\n\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u061b \u0625\u0630\n\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b\u200f[13]<\/a>. \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c\n\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0624\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\n(Survival)\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 (Stationary Bandit) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 (M. Olson) \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629\u200f[14]<\/a>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0647\u060c\n\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\n\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647\n\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0646\u00bb (Selectorate Theory)\u200f[15]<\/a> \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\n\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\n\u0645\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb\u060c\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0621 (\u0630\u0648\u064a \u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645)\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u200f[16]<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0640\n\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u200f[17]<\/a>\u060c\n\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0651\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\n\u0648\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\n\u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0646\u00bb \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632\u00bb \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u060c\n\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c\n\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632\u00bb \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c\n\u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0623\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c\n\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\n(Public Goods) \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\n\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\n(Private Goods) \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c\n\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\n\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0647\u200f[18]<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631\n\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0631\n\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062c \u2013 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u062b\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636. \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\n\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\n\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u00ab\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 – \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644\u00bb (Principal-agent Problem). \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Anna Persson, Bo Rothstein and Jan Teorell, \u00abWhy\nAnticorruption Reforms Fail? Systemic Corruption as a Collective Action\nProblem,\u00bb Governance, vol. 26, no. 3 (July 2013), pp. 449\u2011471.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a>Jong-sung\nYou, Democracy Inequality and Corruption: Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines\nCompared (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 22.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Paul M. Heywood and Jonathan Rose, \u00abCurbing Corruption or\nPromoting Integrity? Probing the Hidden Conceptual Challenge,\u00bb in: Peter Hardi,\nPaul M. Heywood and Davide Torsello, Debates of Corruption and Integrity\nPerspectives from Europe and the US (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015),\npp. 113\u2011114.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a>Christian\nvon Soest, \u00abPersistent Systemic Corruption: Why Democratisation and Economic\nLiberalisation Have Failed to Undo an Old Evil. A Six-Country Analysis,\u00bb in:\nTobias Debiel and Andrea Gawrich, eds., [in collaboration with Holger Niemann],\n\u00ab(Dys-) Functionalities of Corruption: Comparative Perspectives and\nMethodological Pluralism,\u00bb Comparative Governance and Politics, no. 3\n(December 2013), pp. 57\u201187.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a>\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\n\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u2002\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\n\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 2014)\u060c \u0635 450.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 451.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a>Jan\nTeorell, \u00abCorruption as an Institution: Rethinking the Nature and Origins of\nthe Grabbing Hand,\u00bb G\u00f6teborg University, Department of Political Science, The\nQuality of Government Institute, QoG Working Paper Series, 2007: 5 (November\n2005), p. 3,\u2002\n<http:\/\/www.qog.pol.gu.se\/digitalAssets\/1350\/1350653_2007_5_teorell.pdf>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a>Douglass\nC. North, \u00abInstitutions,\u00bb The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 5,\nno. 1 (Winter, 1991), p. 97.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Jean-Fran\u00e7ois M\u00e9dard, \u00abLes Paradoxes de la corruption\ninstitutionnalis\u00e9e,\u00bb Revue Inter\u00adnationale de politique compar\u00e9e, vol. 13,\nno. 4 (2006), p. 697.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a>\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635 401\u060c \u0648Donatella\nDella Porta and Alberto Vannucci, The Hidden Order of Corruption: An\nInstitutional Approach (London: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2012), p. 2.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a>\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Jan Teorell, Determinants of Democratization Explaining Regime\nChange in the World, 1972-2006 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010),\nchap. 6, and Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, Competitive Authoritarianism\nHybrid Regimes After the Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010),\npp. 5\u201132.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Eric C. C. Chang and Miriam\nA. Golden, \u00abSources of Corruption in Authoritarian Regimes,\u00bb version 3.4\n(February 8, 2009), p. 5,\u2002 <http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=1339972>, and\nJennifer Gandhi and Adam Przeworski, \u00abAuthoritarian Institutions and the\nSurvival of Autocrats,\u00bb Comparative Political Studies, vol. 40,\nno. 11 (November 2007), pp. 1279\u20111301.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Jennifer Gandhi and Adam\nPrzeworski, \u00abCooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion Under Dictatorship,\u00bb\nEconomics and Politics, vol. 18, no. 1 (March 2006), and Joseph\nWright, \u00abDo Authoritarian Institutions Constrain? How Legislatures Affect\nEconomic Growth and Investment,\u00bb American Journal of Political Science,\nvol. 52, no. 2 (April 2008), pp. 328\u2011329.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c\n\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621: \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0643\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\n\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c 2003)\u060c\n\u0635 51 – 59.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\n\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0644\u0627\u064b\n\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c 2014). \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b: Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith, The Dictators Hand\nBook: Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics (New York: Public\nAffairs, 2011).\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Bruce Bueno de Mesquita [et al.],\n\u00abPolitical Institutions, Policy Choice and the Survival of Leaders,\u00bb British\nJournal of Political Science, vol. 32 (2002), p. 516.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a>\u0632\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\n\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c 2010)\u060c \u0635 252.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a>\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c\n\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Bruce Bueno de\nMesquita [et al.]: \u00abPolitical Institutions, Policy Choice and the Survival of\nLeaders,\u00bb p. 559, and The Logic of Political Survival (Cambridge, MA: The\nMIT Press, 2003), pp. 44\u201147.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a>   Jean Fran\u00e7ois Bayart, L\u2019\u00c9tat en\nAfrique: La Politique de Ventre (Paris: Fayard, 1989).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a>Hugh Roberts, \u00abPouvoir Maquisard, Parti(s) de\nFa\u00e7ade et Projet d\u2019\u00c9dification d\u2019un \u00c9tat: L\u2019Exp\u00e9rience Alg\u00e9rienne,\u00bb papier\npr\u00e9sente \u00e0: Colloque International El-Watan, Alger, 5\u20117 juillet 2012, et\nEl-Watan, 8\/7\/2012.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\n\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0637 3 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 1999)\u060c \u0635 15.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 18\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629:\n\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0637 7 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2001)\u060c \u0635 216.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\n\u062c\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644\n\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0637 3 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c 1986)\u060c \u0635 139.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 21.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\n\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 1830 – 1900 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c 1992)\u060c \u062c 1\u060c \u0635 20.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\n\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0634\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c 1830 – 1954\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631:\n\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646\u064a\u0628\u060c 2008)\u060c \u0635 73.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a>William B. Quandt, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et Pouvoir en\nAlg\u00e9rie: La D\u00e9cennie des Ruptures, traduit par M\u2019hamed Bensmmane [et al.]\n(Alger: Casbah Edition, 1999), p. 27.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a>\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646:\n\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1960. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Mohammed Harbi, Le FLN Mirage et R\u00e9alit\u00e9: Des Origines \u00e0 la\nPrise du Pouvoir 1945\u20111962 (Paris: Jeune Afrique, 1985), pp. 350\u2011351.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a>Mohammed Harbi, \u00abL\u2019Hypoth\u00e8se Totalitaire en\nAlg\u00e9rie: Le Cas du FLN 1954\u20111962,\u00bb El Watan, 29\/3\/2012.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Lahouari Addi, L\u2019Impasse du\nPopulisme: l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie Collectivit\u00e9 Politique et \u00c9tat en Construction (Alger:\nENAL, 1990), p. 69.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c\n\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Amos Perlmutter, \u00abThe\nPraetorian State and the Praetorian Army: Toward a Taxonomy of Civil-Military\nRelations in Developing Polities,\u00bb Comparative Politics, vol. 1,\nno. 3 (April 1969), pp. 282\u2011404.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>Mohammed Hachemaoui, \u00abLa Corruption Politique\nen Alg\u00e9rie: L\u2019Envers de l\u2019Autoritarisme,\u00bb ESPRIT (juin 2011), pp. 122\u2011126.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a>Isabelle Werenfels, Managing Instability in\nAlgeria: Elites and Political Change Since 1995 (London: Routledge, 2007), p. 34.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a>John P. Entelis, \u00abAlgeria: Democracy Denied,\nand Revived?, \u00bb The Journal of North African Studies, vol. 16, no. 4\n(December 2011), p. 660.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a>\u0647\u064a\u062b\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c 2016)\u060c \u0635 147.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a>\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Anne Pitcher, Mary H. Moran and Michael Johnston, \u00abRethinking\nPatrimonialism and Neopatrimonialism in Africa,\u00bb African Studies Review,\nvol. 52, no. 1 (April 2009), pp. 125\u2011156.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:\n\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0645\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u061b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\n\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c 2013)\u060c \u0635 366.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: Miriam R. Lowi, Oil Wealth and the\nPoverty of Politics: Algeria Compared (London: Cambridge University Press,\n2009), pp. 179\u2011180.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a>Isabelle Werenfels, \u00abBeyond Authoritarian\nUpgrading: The Reemergence of Sufi Orders in Maghrebi Politics,\u00bb The Journal of\nNorth African Studies, vol. 19, no. 3 (2014), p. 276.\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a>Fran\u00e7ois G\u00e8ze, \u00abFran\u00e7alg\u00e9rie: Sang, intox et\ncorruption,\u00bb Mouvements, nos. 21\u201122 (mai- ao\u00fbt 2002), p. 72\u2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Surprise<\/div>\n
\n 0<\/span>\n 0<\/span> %<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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