{"id":64565,"date":"2019-04-07T14:51:07","date_gmt":"2019-04-07T12:51:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/almadar.be\/?p=64565"},"modified":"2019-04-07T14:51:08","modified_gmt":"2019-04-07T12:51:08","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/?p=64565","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629  \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class='booster-block booster-read-block'>\n                <div class=\"twp-read-time\">\n                \t<i class=\"booster-icon twp-clock\"><\/i> <span>Read Time:<\/span>32 Minute, 39 Second                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646&nbsp;\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\n&#8230;_<\/strong>\u0643\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\n\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637: \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\n\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064e\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\/\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\/\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 Universalism\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 Contextualism\u2026 \u0625\u0644\u062e) \u0623\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629\n\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.\n\u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\n\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0644\u0630\u0627\n\u0623\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0642\u062f\n\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064e\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a newly elected President of\nthe International Sociological Association&nbsp; I proposed a three-point\nagenda: First, sociologies in dialogue, I criticize sociology that framed\nwithin antagonistic binary categories (such as tradition\/modernity, East\/West,\nuniversalism\/contextualism, etc.), I propose various sociologies to always be\nin dialogue. Second, one cannot but acknowledge the scars of the colonial era,\nbut, postcolonial studies, which put so much emphasis on external factors and\nneglect local ones, can be both used and abused. After half a century of\nauthoritarianism in the Arab World, postcolonial anti-imperialist academics and\njournalists have been unable to comprehend local power dynamics, or they have\noverlooked these. For them, democracy does not occupy the top list of their\nagenda. Thus, I suggest to supplement postcolonial approach with\npost-authoritarian approach. Finally secularization theory enter into a real\ncrisis, and cannot account for the transformation of the relationship neither\nbetween the political and the religious nor the&nbsp; citizens and the\nreligion. I proposed to pay more attention to post-secularism theories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b\n\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 (International Sociological Association\n(ISA)) \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\n2018 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0648 (\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627). \u0641\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0650\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0651\u0635\u062a\u0647\n\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0634\u064e\u0651\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637:\n\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\n\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064e\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b:\n\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u064e\u0628\u064a\u0646\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b. \u0648\u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064e \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645\n\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0650\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u064f\u0646\u062a\n\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0630\u0631\u064c (\u062d\u0630\u0631\u064c \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\/\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\/\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\nUniversalism\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\nContextualism\u2026 \u0625\u0644\u062e) \u0623\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b\n\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\n\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 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\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0631 (Fraser,\n2012) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\n\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 (Meritocracy). \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Normative\nUniversalism) \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b\n\u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Salvatore,\n2016) . \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\n\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 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\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f\n\u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a (Scott, 2004) \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0633\n\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 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\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 (San Juan,\n1998). \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\n\u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0639\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u062f\n\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064f\u0647\u0650\u0645\u064e\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u200f<a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f\n\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631\n\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644 (Bardawil,\n2016) \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0642\u062f\n\u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u062d\u0636 \u0634\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a&nbsp;\u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 (\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629\n\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a 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href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u00bb. \u0625\u0646\u0651\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (Lexical Kinship) \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 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\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\n\u0647\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0644\u062f (Hochschild, 2016) \u0642\u0635\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a \u00ab\u062d\u0632\u0628\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\n\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a 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\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628\u060c\n\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628\n(Mini-Trump) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631\n\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0646 \u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 (\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u2026 \u0625\u0644\u062e.) \u0647\u064a\n\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2018\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\n\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646\u00bb. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a\n\u0628\u0640&nbsp;\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\n\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\n\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\n(Dorsey,&nbsp;2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\n\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 (Third-wave\nMarketization) (Burawoy, 2005) \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b (Precarity)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\n\u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 (\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c 2017)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d\n\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (Harrison,\n2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1 \u2013 <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\n\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 (Civilizing Process) (Elias, 2000) \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\n\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a (\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a). \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643\n\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u00ab\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0645\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646\u00bb\n(Repressed) (Laroche 2017)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0633 (Mosse,\n1991) \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb\n(Brutalization)(*)\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\n\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u0646\u0629. \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \ufedf \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0628\u0640&nbsp;\u00ab\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\n\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u00bb (Larouche, 2017: 103\u2011104). \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 (Agamben,\n2005)\u060c \u0643\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\n\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b\n\u062d\u064f\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646 (\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c\n2010)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\n\u0634\u064a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064f\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a (David\nCronenberg) \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0639 \u00ab\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\u00bb\u200f<a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>\u060c \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0642\u0639\n\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 (\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644)\u060c\n\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 (Pandora\u2019s Box)\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\n\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u200f<a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>. \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0624\u0647\n\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\n\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0645\u0639\n\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 (Crony\nCapitalism)\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 (\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c 2012\u061b Hanafi, 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\n\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 (\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\n\u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\n(Community). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0646\n\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 (Rosenou, 1990) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 (Sovereign-free actors). \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0634 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a. \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629\u064d\n\u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \ufe91\u2005\u00ab\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u00bb\n(Brutalization of Politics)\u060c \u0623\u064a\u061b \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2&nbsp;\u2013 <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u060c\n\u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 (Roccu, 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f\u062a\n\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 (Harrison,\n2018). \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\n\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0633\n(Poulantzas, 1975)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\n\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u00bb (\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648 (Ouijano,\n1972\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c\n\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\n\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0648\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a (Jenss,\n2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0644 (Tansel 2018) \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 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\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\n(Entrepreneurship Networks). \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u063a\u0631 (Wigger, 2018) \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\n\u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0646\n\u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Internal Devaluation) \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b\n\u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u0645\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621\n\u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\n\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064e\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0631 (Kreitmeyr,\n2018) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648 (Roccu,\n2012) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2013 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0644\u064a (Kienle, 2010)\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643\n\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Competitiveness)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644\n\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645) \u00ab\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (Communalist) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Kienle,\n2010).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3&nbsp;\u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\n\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0639\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629\n\u0628\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u062a\n\u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0640&nbsp;\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u00bb. \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\n\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Adorno [et\nal.], 1950)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645\n\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062e\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\n\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a (Kokobobo,&nbsp;2018)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649\n\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b\n\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u0643 (Cooke, 2007)\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\n\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629\n\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0642\u061b \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646\n\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\n\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633\n\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a&nbsp;\u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a&nbsp;\u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\n\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Formal Public Reason). \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 (Cooke,\n2007: 234; Asad, 2009) \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0648\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062a\u0642\u064a (Ethical Autonomy). \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0646\n\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\n\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645. (Cooke, 2007: 234\u2011235) \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064e\u0649\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064e\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\n\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\n\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646.&nbsp;\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a (2016) \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\n\u00ab\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u0651 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646&nbsp;\u2013 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0652\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0629&nbsp;\u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631\n\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\n\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064e\u0629 (Secularization Theory) \u0642\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c\n\u0648\u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\n\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064e\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\n\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u064e\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648\n\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f\n\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f (Jim Spickard)\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\n\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a (RC 22) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\n\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064e\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644\n\u0641\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0628\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649\n\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0631 (Berger, 2014)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0647\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u062f\n\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u064f\u062d\u0636\u064e\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\n\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064e \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Pluralism). \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0635\u064f\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\n\u00ab\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0640\u0644\u0627\u064b\u00bb \u0644\u064a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Evolutionism) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064e\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u00ab\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0636\u062f\u0651\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u00bb. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0628&nbsp;\u2013 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0631\n(Popp-Baier, 2010)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0640\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\n\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627&nbsp;\u2013 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Meta-narratives). \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.\n\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646\n\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u00bb\n(Judicialization of Religion). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb\n(Spirituality) \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629\n\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064e\u0646\u0629 (Individualization) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u062a\u064e\u0646\u0629\n(Subjectivization). \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\n\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\n(Popp-Baier, 2010: 35\u201336).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623\n\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0640\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\n\u0633\u064f\u0645\u064a \u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0627 (Casanova,\n2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u061f \u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\n\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u0632 (Rawls, 1993). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633 (Habermas, 2008) \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\n\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a 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(Walhof,\n2013: 229). \u0648\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0648\u0643 (Cooke,\n2006) \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\n\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\n\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u063a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u063a 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\n(Post-postcolonial Era)\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0641\u0631\u063a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0651\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\n\u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u200f<a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a (\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a)\n\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\n\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\n\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u2005-\u2005\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u2005-\u2005\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\n\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0646\u062f\u062a (Arendt,\n1985) \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\n\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a)\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629)\u061f \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\/\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\/\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\/\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u2026 \u0625\u0644\u062e.) \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\n\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u200f<a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>. \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\n\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u063a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629\u060c\n\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635:\n\u0641\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645\n\u064a\u0646\u0623\u064e \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\n\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 (\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u060c 2016). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\n\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 (Micro) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648 (Macro) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0627&nbsp;\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\n\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0646\n\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u061f\u200f<a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>&nbsp;\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0646 (Alatas and\nSinha 2017) \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u060c\n\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0644\n\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\n\u0639\u0632\u0645\u064a (2016). \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\n\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a (2010). \u00ab\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.\u00bb \u0641\u064a: \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a:\n\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a (2012). \u00ab\u062b\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\n\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629.\u00bb \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631: 15 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637\/\u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a (2016 \u0623). \u00ab\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629:\n\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a.\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 39\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 451\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\/\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c\n\u0635&nbsp;45&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;64.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a (2016 \u0628). \u00ab\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f&nbsp;&#8211;\n\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f&nbsp;&#8211; \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: 15 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u060c &lt;http:\/\/aljumhuriya.net\/35345&gt;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0633 (2015). \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646 (2014). \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651. \u0623\u0628\u0648&nbsp;\u0638\u0628\u064a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0632\u064a\u0632 (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0627\u0646) (2012). \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a: \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a (2006). \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 (1981). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064b.\n\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 (2014). \u00ab\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629.\u00bb \u0641\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 (\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641).\n\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\n\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0641 (2017). \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a. \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a:\n\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (2016). \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a:\n\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629.\u00bb \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b (blog)\u060c &lt;https:\/\/bit.ly\/2Se1GJq&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aduna,\nDanna Patricia S. (2015). \u00abThe Reconciliation of Religious and Secular Reasons\nas a Form of Epistemic Openness: Insights from Examples in the Philippines.\u00bb\nThe Heythrop Journal: vol.&nbsp;56, no.&nbsp;3, pp.&nbsp;441\u2011453.\n&lt;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/heyj.12255&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Agamben,\nGiorgio (2005). State of Exception. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alatas,\nSyed Farid, and Vineeta Sinha (2017). Sociological Theory Beyond the Canon.\nLondon: Palgrave Macmillan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arendt,\nHannah (1985). Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Meridian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asad,\nTalal (2009). Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in\nChristianity and Islam. London: Johns Hopkins Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bardawil,\nFadi (2016). \u00abThe Solitary Analyst of Doxas: An Interview with Talal Asad.\u00bb\nComparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East: vol.&nbsp;36,\nno.&nbsp;1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berger,\nPeter (2014). The Many Altars of Modernity: Toward a Paradigm for Religion in a\nPluralist Age. Digital original edition. Boston: De Gruyter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burawoy,\nMichael (2005). \u00abFor Public Sociology.\u00bb American Sociological Review:\nvol.&nbsp;70, no.&nbsp;1, pp.&nbsp;4\u201328.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burawoy,\nMichael (2017). \u00abEditorial: Sociology in an Age of Reaction.\u00bb Global Dialog:\nInternational Sociological Association Newsletter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Casanova,\nJos\u00e9 (2007). \u00abRethinking Secularization: A Global Comparative Perspective.\u00bb\nOctober, pp.&nbsp;101\u2013120,\n&lt;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/ej.9789004154070.i-608.39&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Castoriadis,\nCornelius (1998). The Imaginary Institution of Society. Translated by Kathleen\nBlamey. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cooke,\nMaeve (2006). \u00abSalvaging and Secularizing the Semantic Contents of Religion:\nThe Limitations of Habermas\u2019s Postmetaphysical Proposal.\u00bb International Journal\nfor Philosophy of Religion: vol.&nbsp;60, no.&nbsp;1, pp.&nbsp;187\u2013207,\n&lt;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11153\u2011006\u20110006\u20115&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cooke,\nMaeve (2007). \u00abA Secular State for a Postsecular Society? Postmetaphysical\nPolitical Theory and the Place of Religion.\u00bb Constellations: vol.&nbsp;14,\nno.&nbsp;2, pp.&nbsp;224\u2011238.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dabashi,\nHamid (2012). The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism Makes a Contribution.\nLondon: Zed Books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dorsey,\nJames M. (2019). \u00abShaping the New World Order: The Battle for Human Rights.\u00bb\nThe Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer (blog). 19 January 2019.\n&lt;https:\/\/mideastsoccer.blogspot.com\/2019\/01\/shaping-new-world-order-battle-for.html&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elias,\nNorbert (2000). The Civilizing Process. Oxford: Blackwell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fraser,\nNancy (2012). \u00abFeminism, Capitalism, and the Cunning of History: An\nIntroduction.\u00bb FMSH-WP2012\u201117. 2012. &lt;halshs-00725055&gt; (blog). 2012.\n&lt;https:\/\/halshs.archives\u200b-ouvertes.fr\/halshs-00725055\/document&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fuchs,\nChristian (2019). \u00abThe Rise of Authoritarian Capitalism.\u00bb Global Dialog:\nInternational Sociological Association Newsletter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giroux,\nHenry A. (2007). \u00abHigher Education and the Politics of Hope in the Age of\nAuthoritarianism: Rethinking the Pedagogical Possibilities of a Global\nDemocracy.\u00bb Theomai: no.&nbsp;15, pp.&nbsp;73\u201386.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gu\u00e9nard,\nFlorent (2016). La D\u00e9mocratie Universelle: Philosophie d\u2019un Mod\u00e8le Politique.\nParis: Le Seuil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Habermas,\nJ\u00fcrgen (2008). Between Naturalism and Religion. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hanafi,\nSari (2012). \u00abThe Arab Revolutions; the Emergence of a New Political Subjectivity.\u00bb\nContemporary Arab Affairs: vol.&nbsp;5, no.&nbsp;2, pp.&nbsp;198\u2013213.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hanafi,\nSari (2018). \u00abPostcolonialism\u2019s After-Life in the Arab World: Toward a\nPost-Authoritarian Approach.\u00bb in: Routledge Handbook of South-South Relations.\nEdited by Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh and Patricia Daley, London: Routledge,\npp.&nbsp;76\u201385.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harrison,\nGraham (2018). \u00abAuthoritarian Neoliberalism and Capitalist Transformation in\nAfrica: All Pain, No Gain.\u00bb Globalizations: vol.&nbsp;16, no.&nbsp;3,\npp.&nbsp;1\u201315, &lt;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14747731.2018.1502491&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hochschild,\nArlie Russell (2016). Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the\nAmerican Right. New York: The New Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jenss,\nAlke (2018). \u00abAuthoritarian Neoliberal Rescaling in Latin America: Urban\nin\/Security and Austerity in Oaxaca.\u00bb Globalizations: vol.&nbsp;16, no.&nbsp;3,\npp.&nbsp;1\u201316, &lt;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14747731.2018.1502493&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kienle,\nEberhard (2010). \u00abGlobal Competitiveness, the Erosion of Checks and Balances,\nand the Demise of Liberal Democracy.\u00bb\n&lt;https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/global\u200b-competitiveness-erosion-of-checks-and-balances-and-demise-of-liberal-democracy&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kokobobo,\nAni (2018). \u00abIrrational Authoritarianism: Ismail Kadare\u2019s \u00abThe Traitor\u2019s\nNiche\u00bb.\u00bb Los Angeles Review of Books,\n&lt;https:\/\/lareviewofbooks.org\/article\/ir\u200bra\u200btion\u200bal\u200b-\u200bauthor\u200bitarian\u200bism-ismail-kadares-the-traitors-niche\/&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kreitmeyr,\nNadine (2018). \u00abNeoliberal Co-Optation and Authoritarian Renewal: Social Entrepreneurship\nNetworks in Jordan and Morocco: Globalizations.\u00bb Globalizations:\n&lt;https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14747731.2018.1502492&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Laroche,\nJosepha (2017). The Brutalization of the World: From the Retreat of States to\nDecivilization. New York: Springer International Publishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Manea,\nElham (2016). Women and Shari\u2019a Law: The Impact of Legal Pluralism in the UK.\nLondon: I. B. Tauris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mill, John\nStuart (2007). On Liberty and the Subjection of Women. Edited by Alan Ryan. New\nYork: Penguin Classics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mosse,\nGeorge L. (1991). Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars.\nOxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Patil,\nVrushali, and Bandana Purkayastha (2018). \u00abThe Transnational Assemblage of\nIndian Rape Culture.\u00bb Ethnic and Racial Studies: vol.&nbsp;41, no.&nbsp;11,\npp.&nbsp;1952\u20111970, &lt;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01419870.2017.1322707&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Popp-Baier,\nUlrike (2010). \u00abFrom Religion to Spirituality\u2014Megatrend in Contemporary Society\nor Methodological Artefact?.\u00bb Journal of Religion in Europe: no.&nbsp;3,\npp.&nbsp;34\u201367.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poulantzas,\nNicos Ar. (1975). Political Power and Social Classes. London: Verso Books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quijano,\nAnibal. (1972). Nationalism and Capitalism in Peru: A Study in Neo-Imperialism.\nTranslated by Helen R. Lane. New edition ed. New York: Monthly Review Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rawls, John\n(1993). Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roccu,\nRoberto (2012). \u00abGramsci in Cairo: Neoliberal Authoritarianism, Passive\nRevolution and Failed Hegemony in Egypt under Mubarak, 1991\u20112010.\u00bb (PhD, London\nSchool of Economics and Political Science).\n&lt;http:\/\/etheses.lse.ac.uk\/369\/&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rosanvallon,\nPierre (2008). \u00abDemocratic Universalism as a Historical Problem.\u00bb Books and\nIdeas, April,\n&lt;http:\/\/www.booksandideas.net\/Democratic-Universalism-as-a.html&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rosenau,\nJames N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and\nContinuity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Salvatore,\nArmando (2016). The Sociology of Islam: Knowledge, Power and Civility. London:\nWiley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">San Juan,\nE. (1998). \u00abThe Limits of Postcolonial Criticism: The Discourse of Edward\nSaid.\u00bb Solidarity (blog). 1998.\n&lt;https:\/\/www.solidarity-us.org\/node\/1781&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scott,\nDavid (2004). Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment.\nDurham: Duke University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tansel,\nCemal Burak (2018). \u00abReproducing Authoritarian Neoliberalism in Turkey: Urban\nGovernance and State Restructuring in the Shadow of Executive Centralization.\u00bb\nGlobalizations: vol.&nbsp;16, no.&nbsp;3,\n&lt;https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14747731.2018.1502494&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theodor\nAdorno [et al.] (1950). The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper and\nBrothers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Walhof,\nDarren R. (2013). \u00abHabermas, Same-Sex Marriage and the Problem of Religion in\nPublic Life.\u00bb Philosophy and Social Criticism: vol.&nbsp;3, no.&nbsp;39,\npp.&nbsp;225\u2011242.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wigger,\nAngela (2018). \u00abThe New EU Industrial Policy: Authoritarian Neoliberal\nStructural Adjustment and the Case for Alternatives.\u00bb Globalizations:\nvol.&nbsp;16, no.&nbsp;3, pp.&nbsp;1\u201317.\n&lt;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14747731.2018.1502496&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\n\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a (2012) \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\n\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062e\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0628\u062a\u0651 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u00bb.\n(\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c 2014: 34).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 (2006) \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\n(1981).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\n\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646\n\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 (\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a\u060c\n2016) \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\n\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\/\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u060c \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\/\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\/\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8230; \u0625\u0644\u062e. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646\n\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\n\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0646\n\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\n&lt;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Wi-cPZWWtkY&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 (Alain Agabon).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 41 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (L\u2019Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019opinion publique (IFOP)) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629\nOuest-France \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.\n&lt;http:\/\/www.tellerreport.com\/news\/&#8211;western-france-info&#8212;41%25-of-french-people-tempted-by-authoritarian-political-power-.rklKlnQUnm.html&gt;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0650\u0651\u0641 \u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0623\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645: \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\n\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\n\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\n\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u00bb (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u060c 2014: 51).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/caus.org.lb\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a\/#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627 (Patil and Purkayastha, 2018)\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\n(assemblage) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a\n\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n        <div class=\"booster-block booster-reactions-block\">\n            <div class=\"twp-reactions-icons\">\n                \n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-1\" post-id=\"64565\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/happy.svg\" alt=\"Happy\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">\n                        Happy                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                        \n                                                <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-2\" post-id=\"64565\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/sad.svg\" alt=\"Sad\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">\n                        Sad                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                                                                        <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-3\" post-id=\"64565\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/excited.svg\" alt=\"Excited\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">\n                        Excited                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                                                                        <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-6\" post-id=\"64565\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/sleepy.svg\" alt=\"Sleepy\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">\n                        Sleepy                    <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                        \n                                                <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-4\" post-id=\"64565\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/angry.svg\" alt=\"Angry\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">Angry<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                                                                        <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n                <div class=\"twp-reacts-wrap\">\n                    <a react-data=\"be-react-5\" post-id=\"64565\" class=\"be-face-icons un-reacted\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.almadar.be\/wp-content\/plugins\/booster-extension\/\/assets\/icon\/surprise.svg\" alt=\"Surprise\">\n                    <\/a>\n                    <div class=\"twp-reaction-title\">Surprise<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"twp-count-percent\">\n                                                    <span style=\"display: none;\" class=\"twp-react-count\">0<\/span>\n                                                                        <span class=\"twp-react-percent\"><span>0<\/span> %<\/span>\n                                            <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n    ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646&nbsp;\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 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